Pipestone+National+Monument

**Pipestone National Monument[[image:pipestone_site_1.jpg width="256" height="198" align="right" caption="Pipestone National Monument"]]**
The Pipestone National Monument is located in Pipestone Minnesota, on 36 Reservation Avenue. The Monument which was created in 1937 is protected by the U.S Park service. The monument is a source of tourism for the community attracting tourists with waterfalls, prairies, and an interesting Native American Culture. The art of Pipe carving is kept alive by the Pipestone Indian Shrine Association; this group of Native Americans use traditional practices to carve Calumets or Peace pipes out of the stone that is quarried there. The park offers a look into the Native American Culture as it explains the traditions and history of the park with many exhibits that explain the history of the Quarry and the art of pipe making.

**The Pipestone Quarry[[image:Capture.PNG width="262" height="327" align="right" caption="Traditional Mining of Pipestone"]]**
The Quarry is a place of pilgrimage among many Native American tribes, and has always been a place of peace among the tribes. The various Native Americans would travel long distances to mine the quarry and renew their tribe's pipes. The Lakota tribe for many years protected the Pipestone Quarry in Southern Minnesota, how the quarry was created is told a few different ways in their creation myths.

//"A long time ago, a really long time when the world was still freshly made, Unktehi the water monster fought the people and caused a great flood. Perhaps the Great Spirit, Wakan Tanka, was angry with us for some reason. Maybe he let Unktehi win out because he wanted to make a better kind of human being.//

//Well, the waters got higher and higher. Finally everything was flooded except the hill next to the place where the sacred red pipestone quarry lies today. The people climbed up there to save themselves, but it was no use. The water swept over that hill. Waves tumbled the rocks and pinnacles, smashing them down on the people. Everyone was killed, and all the blood jelled, making one big pool.//

//The blood turned to pipestone and created the pipestone quarry, the grave of those ancient ones. That's why the pipe, made of that red rock, is so sacred to us. Its red bowl is the flesh and blood of our ancestors, its stem is the backbone of those people long dead, the smoke rising from it is their breath. I tell you, that pipe, that *chanunpa*, comes alive when used in a ceremony; you can feel power flowing from it."//

The quarry is a sacred place for all Native Americans, most believing the stone to be made from the blood and flesh of their ancestors. Today only Native Americans are allowed to mine from the quarry and can only quarry after preforming various rituals, ceremonies, and traditions. Anyone who wishes to mine must first preform a ceremonial sweat, leave an offering to the guardians, and mine more than what they need personally but not to excess. The last stipulation is a tradition; the Native American must mine extra in order to make pipes for those who could not go to the quarry themselves.

**Catlinite/Pipestone the Stone[[image:starsraw1.jpg width="215" height="138" align="right" caption="Cut Pipestone"]]**
George Catlin was the first "white man" to ever view the quarry and it is from his name that the scientific name of catlinite has been given to the stone that comes from the quarry. The stone is very soft and can easily be carved, and is actually clay. The stone is soft because of the lack of quartz in it. The stone is usually a red color, with lighter bits of red or white speckled throughout the stone. When being mined the stone is encased in a thin quartzite bed which must be first broken in order to reach the catlinite that lies beneath it. The sites that the catlinite is mined in are small, only allowing for 1 to 2 people in each quarry. The rights for these sites are distributed to one Native American for the whole year. Often these sites are kept within a family, the son mining the same site that his father and grandfather had mined before him. The process of mining the stone is often dangerous and people have lost eyes and broken bones when the stone chips or when they fall into the quarries.

**Calumets/Peace Pipes[[image:Capture1.PNG width="198" height="329" align="right" caption="Finely Carved Pipe"]]**
According to Native American Lore the Peace Pipe or Calumet was given to the Native Americans by the Great White Buffalo Women. When giving the Native Americans the pipe it is said she told them.

//"With this sacred pipe you will walk upon the Earth; for the Earth is your Grandmother and Mother, and She is sacred. Every step that is taken upon Her should be as a prayer. The bowl of this pipe is of red stone; it is the Earth. Carved in the stone and facing the center is this buffalo calf who represents all the four-leggeds who live upon your Mother. The stem of the pipe is of wood, and this represents all that grows upon the Earth. And these twelve feathers which hang here where the stem fits into the bowl are from Wanbli Galeshka, the Spotted Eagle, and they represent the eagle and all the wingeds of the air. All these people, and all the things of the Universe, are joined to you who smoke the pipe - all send their voices to Wakan-Tanka, the Great Spirit. When you pray with this pipe, you pray for and with everything."//

Tobacco is smoked in the pipes for any number of Native American ceremonies. The pipe is particularly important when it comes to intertribal relations. A pipe would be smoked among various members of both tribes as an act of friendship and good will.

The pipes were made by first cutting the piece of catlinite, usually using some kind of knife. The outline then made, the piece of stone would then be broken along that line. Once the shape of the pipe had been made it would be ground down until it was smooth. The holes of the pipe then would be made by using a chipped stone drill. After the process was complete it would be polished, and a wooden stem adorned with feathers and beads would be attached.

**Webliography**
"Pipestone County Museum - History." //Pipestone Chamber of Commerce//. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This Article tells about the history of the Pipestone Quarry, how the Native Americans used it, how it was first discovered by the white man, and how it is seen today. "Pipestone National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)." //U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America//. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This is the the U.S. department of the interiors website for the Pipestone National Monument. It tells visitors about the cultural demonstrations that take place, the quarrying, and thegeneral management plan of the park. "National Monuments: Pipestone & Grand Portage." //Explore Minnesota//. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. Explore Minnesota provides information on Pipestone National Monument for tourism. It takes its visitors through all of the experiances that are available at the National Monument. Nydahl, Theodore L. "The Pipestone Quarry and the Indians." //Minnesota History// 31.4 (1950):193-208. //Http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/31/v31i04p193-208.pdf//. Minnesota Historical Society. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This Article tells the story of the Pipestone Quarry through the eyes of the "White Man", as explorers such as George Catlin came to the Indian lands. "Keepers of the Sacred Tradition of Pipemakers." //Keepers of the Sacred Tradition of Pipemakers: Deticated to Protecting the Great Pipestone Quarries for All Tribal People Which Covers: Pipestone Pipes, Native American, Pipes, Indian, Dakota, Sioux, Pipestone, Educational Program, NativeAmerican Organiz//. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. The Keepers of the Sacred Tradition of Pipemaking is an organization that was created in Pipestone, MN by the Native Americans. The groups goals are to share the culture associated with the pipes they make. "Pipestone: The Rock -- National Register of Historic Places Pipestone, Minnesota Travel Itinerary." //U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America//. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. The Article gives information on what Catlinite is its general properties, the origin myth about the pipestone, the development of the town around the quarry, and finally the struggles the Native Americans have had with the rights to their land. Granmother Two Bears. "The Red Pipestone." //Eagle Spirit Ministry//. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This article is published by a Native American and gives multiple origin stories for the Pipestone Quarry. "Lakota Indian Legends - Lakota Creation Myth." //Indian Legends//. 13 May 2003. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. The Origin Myth the Lakota beleive about how the Pipestone Quarry was created. "Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota | Cowboys, Native American, American History, Wild West, American Indians | Thewildwest.org." //Home | Cowboys, Native American, American History, Wild West, American Indians | Thewildwest.org//. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. The Article tells an origin story for the Pipestone Quarry, and also tells some history about the Lakota controlling the land. "Catlinite." //Beads & Buckskins//. Little Feather Center, June 2006. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. The Little Feather Center in Pipestone MN briefly describes what Catlinite is, its scientific compund, and how to tell if a stone is real catlinite. Berg, Ernest L. "Notes on Catlinite and the Sioux Quartzite." 258-68. University of Minnesota. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This is a study that was done on the catlinite found in the Pipestone Quarry. This article gives all of the scientific information that was discovered about Catlinite while it was being studied. Ziebarth, Marilyn. "MHS Collections." Minnesota Historical Society. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This article describes a lot of the culture behind the pipes that are made from the Catlinite. This article also provides many pictures of famous pipes. Zedeno, Maria N., and Robert C. Basalu. "Native Amerrican Cultural Affiliation and Traditional Association Study." //Bureau of Applied Resarch in Anthropology// (2004). University of Airizona. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This is a report done on the quarry for the Burau of Applied Resaerch in Anthropology. It contains information on the history and the culture of the monument. Corbett, William P. "Pipestone The Origin and Development of a National Monument." //Minnesota History// (1980): 82-92. Minnesota Historical Society. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. Describes the History of the Pipestone Quarry, and the struggles the Native Americans have had with White Encroachment on it. Laut, Agnes C. "The Iniean's Idea of Fine Arts." Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This article tells of the Native American's fine arts and how the culture that would go along with them. Included in that culture is the art of making a pipe from Catlinite. Hazell, Gloria. "Little Feather Center Pipestone Minnesota - Keep the Quarries Open for All Indian People." //Little Feather Center//. Little Feather Center, June 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This article tells some of the problems the Native Americans in Pipestone are facing. False-stones are being mined at sites other than the sacred Pipestone quarry, and then being sold as Pipestone. Nyerges, Christopher. "INDIAN CALUMET: The Pipe of Peace." //Awareness Magazine : Southern California's Trusted Source for Holistic Living//. July 1999. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This article focuses on the culture behind the pipe, which is called a Calumet. This includes how it is made, its use, and what it means today. One Feather. "One Feather, Spirit and Sacred Pipe Carver." Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This website is by a Cherokee pipe maker named One Feather. This website displays his work, and tells how he was trained to make pipes. Hazell, Gloria. "The Pipestone Quarries the Truth." Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This article gives a lot of information on the Quarry, how the Native Americans today are dealing with issues pertaining the Quarry, and how the Native Americans sell their Pipestone.
 * =====[|Pipestone County Historical Society]=====
 * [|Pipestone National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)]
 * [|Explore Minnesota (Pipestone & Grand Portage)]
 * [|Minnesota History - The Pipestone Quarry and the Indians]
 * [|Keepers of the Sacred Tradition of Pipemakers]
 * [|Pipestone: The Rock]
 * [|The Red Pipestone]
 * [|Lakota Creation Myth]
 * [|Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota]
 * [|Catlinite]
 * [|Notes on Catlinite and the Sioux Quartzite]
 * [|Minnisota Historical Society Collections]
 * [|Native American Cultural Affiliation and Traditional Association Study]
 * [|Pipestone: The Origin and Development of a National Monument]
 * [|The Indian's Idea of Fine Arts]
 * [|Keeping the Pipeston Quarries Available for all Native Americans]
 * [|The Indain Calumet: The Pipe of Peace]
 * [|One Feather, Spirit and Sacred Pipe Carver]
 * [|The Truth about the Pipestone Quarries and the Sacred Chanupa]
 * =====[|Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center]=====

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"Technologies." //Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center//. University of Wisconsin. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. This article gives a little information on Catlinite, and then goes through the process a Native American would have gone through in carving a pipe.=====